FOOTNOTES
1. Louis Fischer, The Life of Mahatma Gandhi (Toronto: Colller-Macmillan Canada, Ltd., 1950), p. 353.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Siegfried Knak, „The German Missionaries In War Time,“ (Geneva: WCCA – IMC File, 1940) p. 1.
5. Stephen Neill, The Pelican History of the Church: 6 Christian Missions (Baltimore. Md.: Penguin Books, 1964, p. 276.
6. World Missionary Conference, Statistical Atlas of Christian Missions (Edinburgh: World Missionary Conference, 1910), p. 107.
7. Edna Margaret Long, „Along Life’s Highways,“ The Church in the Home (Philadelphia: United Church Press, April-June, 1966), p. 79.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Heinz von Tucher, P.I. (Gufflham, Bavaria: 28 July, 1966), Tr. p. 6.
12. Long, loc. cit.
13. Johannes Wagner, P.I. (Hasede: 16 July, 1972), Tr. p. 4.
14. Long, loc. cit.
15. Helmuth Borutta, P.I. (Exten: 23 August, 1973) Tr. p. 5.
16. Ibid.
17. Martin Weishaupt, „Neue Nachrichten aus unserer Mission,“ Evangelisch-lutherisches Missionsblatt (Leipzig: Verlag der Evang.-luth. Mission zu Leipzig, 1939), p. 260.
18. Walter Freytag, „Umschau,“ Evangelische Missions-Zeitschrift (Stuttgart: Evangelischer Missionsverlag, 1940), p. 909.
19. Margaret Finch, „A Message from India,“ The Friend (London: Friends House, Euston Street, 1939), p. 909.
20. C. Collin Davies, An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 34.
21. Vincent A. Smith, The Oxford History of India (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), p. 281; Davies, op. cit.,pp. 33-5.
22. H.H. Dodwell, The Cambridge Shorter History of India (Cambridge: University Press, 1934), p. 176. All five Deccan states were Muslim kingdoms.
23. Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Co., 1956), p. 139.
24. Dodwell, op. cit., pp. 374 – 375.
25. Smith, op. cit., p. 295.
26. John Clark Marshman, Abridgement of the History of India (Edinburgh & London: William Blackwood & Sons, 1905), p. 89. The description of Beejapore (Bijapur), in Marshman’s words, is altogether in the superlative; „The majestic ruins of the palaces in the citadel, and of the mosques and tombs in the city, after two centuries of decay in an Indian climate, still attract the admiration of the traveller. ‚The chief feature in the scene is the mausoleum of Mahomed Adil Shah (1626-56), the dome of which, like the dome of St. Peter’s, fills the eye from every point of view, and though entirely devoid of ornament, its enormous dimensions and austere simplicity invest it with an air of melancholy grandeur, which harmonises with the wreck and desolation around it. One is at a loss on seeing these ruins, to conjecture how so small a state could have maintained such a capital‘.“
27. Smith, op. cit.. p. 301.
28. National Atlas of India. „Bombay Plate 144,“ (Calcutta: National Atlas Organization, 1961).
29. Smith, op. cit.. p. 405; Marshman, op. cit., p. 70.
30. Ibid.. p. 256; Brian Gardner, The East India Company (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1971), p. 33.
31. Marshman, op. cit., p. 266.
32. Monica Wilson and Leonard Thompson, eds., The Oxford History of South Africa (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), Vol. II, South‘ Africa 1870-1966, p. 328.
33. Georg Haccius, Hannover’sche Missionsgeschichte (1865 bis Gegenwart; Hermannsburg: Hermannsburger Missionsbuch-handlung, 1920), Vol. 3, p. 11.
34. Selma Heller, P.I. (Erlangen: 28 May, 1970), Tr. p. 12.
35. Paul Gäbler, P.I. (Erlangen: 9 November, 1970), Tr. p. 3.
36. Wagner, loc. cit.
37. Weishaupt, „Ahmednagar“ by Carl Ihmels, ojj. cit.. p. 261.
38. Albrecht Oepke, Ahmednagar und Golconda (Leipzig: Verlag von Dörffling und Franke, 1918), pp. 53-55.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.. „Kriegsgefangen in Indien“ by A. Hübener, pp. 132-133. It is interesting to note that Hübener was a German-American missionary who provided this descriptive account of a very sad chapter of Christian Missions in India.
41. Haccius, op. cit.. pp. 582-583.
42. Sir Malcolm Darling, Letter to H.F. Frampton (Geneva: WCCA – IMC File, 17 November, 1939). Frampton was Deputy Secretary of the Home Department of the Indian Government.
43. Heller, op. cit.. p. 1.
44. Friedrich Hübner, P.I. (Kiel: 25 September, 1970) Tr.p.4.
45. Weishaupt, „Unser indisches Missionsfeld 1939/40“ by Carl Ihmels, op. cit., p. 100.
46. Wagner, loc. cit.
47. Hans Lokies, „Der erste Brief unseres Missionspräses Lic. Stosch aus dem Internierungslager,“ Die Biene Auf Dem Missionsfelde (Berlin-Friedenau: Verlag der Gossnerschen Mission, 1939), p. 126.
48. William Paton, Letter to the Rt. Hon. Malcolm MacDonald (Geneva: WCCA – IMC File, 14 September, 1939), p. 2.
49. Selma Heller, List of Satara Children.
50. Reimer Speck, P.I. (Molfsee: 25 September, 1970) Tr. p.7.
51. Athelstan Ridgway, Everyman’s Encyclopaedia (London: J.M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., 1949-50), p. 181, under „Ahmednagar“.
52. Gäbler, op. cit.. p. 4. Missionary Speck gave a comparable description of the camp surroundings.
53. Oskar Gans, P.I. (Erlangen: 7 March, 1973), Tr. p. 3.
54. Tucher, op. cit., p. 2.
55. Ibid.; Otto Tiedt, P.I. (Erlangen: 27 September, 1973), Tr. p. 8.
56. Gäbler, loc. cit.; Johannes Daub, P.I. (Oberaula: 26 May, 1973), Tr. pp. 7-8. The Basel missionary Daub remembered, „We had to throw up our own tents. It wasn’t a pleasant task. And then we had a huge downpour of rain; and there we stood with our feet in water.“
57. Ibid.. p. 7. Daub added, „Und schliesslich kam dann Streckeisen tatsächlich mal nach Ahmadnagar nach Monaten. Na ja. …“
58. H. Huppenbauer, „Nachrichtenteil,“ Per Evangelische Heidenbote (Basel: Verlag der Basler Missionsbuchhandlung, 1939), p. 187, Stuttgart edit., p. 151.
59. Walter Fabisch, P.I. (Nottingham, England: 6 July, 1966), Tr. p. 3.
60. Tucher, loc. cit.
61. Ibid.
62. Lokies, loc. cit.
63, Ibid., p. 132.
64. Gans, loc. cit.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid., p. 1; Tucher, op. cit., p. 3; Fabisch, op. cit. p.4.
67. Gans, op. cit., p. 3.
68. Heinz von Tucher, P.I. (Gufflham: 29 December, 1969), Tr. p. 2. This was the second interview with the writer’s father and with a greater emphasis on the German missionary families during wartime.
69. Ibid., p. 3.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid., p. 2.
73. Lokies, „Nachrichten aus Indien“ (from Reimer Speck, 1940), op. cit.. p. 16.
74. Christian Lohse, P.I. (Husum: 18 July, 1972), Tr. p. 4; Tucher, loc. cit.; Daub, loc. cit.; William Paton andM.M. Underhill, eds., The International Review of Missions (London: Edinburgh House, April, 1940), p. 111.
75. Lohse, loc. cit.
76. Daub, loc. cit.
77. Tucher, loc. cit.
78. Heinz von Tucher, P.I. (Erlangen: 10 April, 1975). This was more a comment out of his personal recollections and the discussion was not taped.
79. Daub, op. cit., p. 5.
80. Ibid., p. 7.
81. Detlef Bracker, Marlene, Eine Missionsfrau (Breklum: Verlag Missionsbuchhandlung Breklum G.m.b.H, 1940),p. 65. This little work of 70 pages, written by the Breklum Mission director over his own daughter’s life and sudden death in India, has many invaluable descriptions and personal accounts of the missionary life in the 1930’s, conveyed to a large extent through the letters which Marlene wrote before and during the war. She was married to Rudolf Tauscher. In camp the brethren „konnten sich wissenschaftlich betätigen.“
82. Daub. loc. cit.
83. Gans, op. cit., p. 4.
84. Tucher, P.I. 1966, op. cit., p. 3.
85. Borutta, loc. cit.
86. Ibid.
87. Karl Bareiss, P.I. (Ebingen: 23 May, 1973), Tr. p. 4.
88. Gans, loc. cit.; Weishaupt, „Unser indisches Missionsfeld 1939/40“ by Carl Ihmels, (ELMB, 1940), op. cit. p. 100. Ihmels presents the reassuring note ‚that in most ways the general conditions at Ahmadnagar had improved over the World War I era.
89. Hermann Palm, P.I. (Böhringen: 13 June, 1973), Tr. p. 8.
90. Lokies, „Briefe aus Indien“ (Frau T. Jellinghaus, 1940), op. cit., p. 6.
91. From postcards and envelopes, as memorabilia from World War II (Appendix section); Marianne Brooke, Letter to writer (26 February, 1975). She commented on Frau Erika Schneider-Filchner’s efforts towards „a documentation she is compiling for the „Forschungsgemeinschaft Indien,“ a branch of the „Philatelisten Verein“.“
92. Palm, loc. cit.
93. Huppenbauer, (1940), op. cit., p. 13.
94. Adolf Streckeisen, Letter to Alfons Koechlin (Basel: BML, 31 October, 1939).
95. Gans, loc. cit.
96. Palm, loc. cit.
97. Gans, op. cit.. p. 3.
98. Ibid.
99. Kurt Schmitt, Drittes Merkblatt über die Lage der Deutschen in Britisch-Indien; Die Intern!erungslager auf Ceylon und Jamaica (Berlin: Auswärtiges Amt, Government of Germany, State January, 1941), p. 1.
100. Lokies, „Nachrichten aus Indien“ (Speck, 1940), op. cit.. p. 16.
101. Gäbler, op. cit.. p. 5.
102. Palm, loc. cit.
103. Gans, op. cit., p. 4.
104. J.Z. Hodge, „Statement by Mr. Hodge,“ Proceedings of the Eighth Meeting of the N.C.C. (Nagpur: Office of the N.C.C., 28 December, 1939 – 2 January, 1940). p. 31; also related by Paton & Underhill, (January, 1941), op. cit., p. 109.
105. Speck, loc. cit.
106. J.Z. Hodge, The War and the N.C.C. (Nagpur: N.C.C, 31 July, 1941), p. 6.
107. Streckeisen, loc. cit. Koechlin’s reply of 19 December, 1939, to Streckeisen noted, „For the interned male missionaries we agree with the allowance of 20-30 Rupees a month, as it will seem right to you.“
108. Lokies, op. cit.. pp. 6-7, 96.
109. Speck, loc. cit.
110. Tucher, 1966, op. cit.. p. 3
111. Wagner, op. cit.. p. 6.
112. Tucher, op. cit., p. 2
113. Tucher, 1969, loc. cit.
114. Alfred Brocke, P.I. (München: 14 October, 1970), Tr. p. 11; Speck, op. cit.. p. 10; Tucher, op. cit. p. 3.
115. Richard Lipp, P.I. (Süssen: 14 April, 1973), Tr. p. 10.
116. Ibid.
117. William Paton, Letter to Sir Findlater Stewart (Geneva: WCCA – IMC File, 13 July, 1939).
118. William Paton, Letter to Stephen Neill (Geneva: WCCA -IMC File, 13 September, 1939).
119. Paton, Letter to Stewart, loc. cit.
120. Paton & Underhill, loc. cit.
121. Paton, Letter to Stewart, loc. cit.
122. E. Conran-Smith, Letter to J.Z. Hodge (Geneva: WCCA -IMC File, 3 August, 1939).
123. Home Department of Government of India, German Christian Missions (Geneva: WCCA – IMC File, & London: IOLR, August, 1939), pp. 1-2.
124. J.Z. Hodge, Letter to E. Conran-Smith (Geneva: WCCA -IMC File, 11 August, 1939).
125. Ministry of Information, Summary of Proceedings at Meeting with Representatives of Missionary Societies (London: Senate House, 14 September, 1939, and Geneva: WCCA – IMC File), p. 6.
126. Ibid.
127. Ibid.
128. Paton, Letter to MacDonald, op. cit.. p. 1.
129. Ibid., pp. 1-2.
130. Ibid.
131. Stephen Neill. Letter to William Paton (Geneva: WCCA – IMC File, 14 September, 1939).
132. Paton, Letter to MacDonald, op. cit., p. 2.
133. Ibid.
134. Ibid.
135. Ministry of Information, Copy of Minutes, with Reference to the work of the Religions Division (London: Senate House, and Geneva: WCCA – IMC File, 18 September, 1939).
136. Ministry of Information, „Liaison Arrangements,“ Conference at the Indian Office (London: IOLR – P & J File 39–3436/38, and Geneva: WCCA – IMC File, 20 September, 1939).
137. Ibid., p. 1.
138. Ibid., p. 2.
139. Ibid.
140 Ibid., pp. 2-3.
141. Ibid., p. 3.
142. Ibid.
143. Ibid., p. 4.
144. Ibid.
145. William Paton, Approved Draft (Geneva: WCCA – IMC File, and London: IOLR – P & J File, 5150 (3408/39), 18 October, 1939), p. 1.
146. Ibid.
147. Ibid.
148. Ministry of Information, loc. cit.
149. J.Z. Hodge, Bishop Azariah of Dornakal (Madras, Bangalore & Mysore! The Christian Literature Society for India, 1946), p. 4. It is worth noting that these were the words of the Scotsman Hodge, and one might also emphasize the fact that the first shot in the campaign against missionary imperialism took place in Scotland.
150. Ibid.
151. Ibid., p. 5.
152. Ibid.
153. Kaj Baago, National Christian Council of India. 1914 – 1964 (Nagpur: Christian Council Lodge, 1964), p. 30. Refer to the Proceedings of the N.C.C.. 1920, p. 17.
154. Baago, loc. cit.
155. Cecil John Grimes, Towards An Indian Church (London, Northumberland Avenue: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1946), p. 90. Grimes added, „The first bishop, Vedanayakam Samuel Azariah, was consecrated in St. Paul’s Cathedral, Calcutta, on December 29th, 1912.“
156. Hodge, op. cit.. p. 8.
157. Baago, loc. cit.
158. Hodge, op. cit.. p. 48. In reference to the life and work of the Bishop of Dornakal, in the Oekumenische Profile, edited by Günter Gloede (Stuttgart: Evang. Missionsverlag, GmbH, 1963, Vol. II), the Basel missionary Theodor Lorch provides an excellent biographical chapter on Azariah, „Der erste indische Bischof,“ gained primarily from his personal acquaintance with the leading Indian Church statesman. It may be particularly helpful for the German reader.
159. Baago, op. cit., p. 35.
160. Ibid.
161. Ibid.
162. Ibid.
163. Fischer, op. cit., p. 155.
164. Ibid.
165. Baago, loc. cit.
166. Fischer, loc. cit.
167. Baago, op. cit., pp. 24-25, C.H. Swavely, ed., The Lutheran Interprise in India 1706-1952 (Madras: Diocesan Press, 1952), „The Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church 1845“ by Joel Lakra, p. 60.
168. Baago, op. cit.. p. 25.
169. Ibid., p. 26.
170. Swavely (Lakra), op. cit.. p. 62.
171. Baago, op. cit., p. 50.
172. Articles and works were constantly appearing on the subject of Christian Education, and the Church leaders as Bishop Azariah, J.Z. Hodge, John McKenzie, Alice Van Doren, Rajah Manikam and others, primarily through the NCCR, the IRM or their own publications, made India increasingly conscious of the task.
173. Similarly, Christian Mass Movements in India, the title given by Jarrell Waskom Pickett, or the theme of John R. Mott’s efforts, emphasized the renewed intensity in the Church in India, „Christ in the Indian Villages“ (Azariah), „Evangelism in India“ (Hodge), „Ways of Evangelism“ (R. Scott), etc.
174. Bishop Azariah devoted much of his energies to making the Indian Church come of age and independent. His most significant work – Christian Giving: A Series of Studies in Christian Stewardship (Madras: Christian Literature Society for India, 1939) – has scarcely an equal. The Bishop of Dornakal emphasized and discussed the issue, „Self-support: False and True,“ in the IRM (July, 1938), pp. 361-371.
175. Martin Schlunk, ed., Das Wunder der Kirche unter den Völkern der Erde (Bericht über Weltmissions-Konferenz in Tambaram (Südindien), Stuttgart: Evangelischer Missionsverlag, 1939).
176. Proceedings of the Executive Committee of the N.C.C. (Nagpur: NCC, 12-13 April, 1939).
177. Hodge, Letter to Conran-Smith, loc. cit.; Conran-Smith, loc. cit.
178. Borutta, op. cit., p. 2. 179. Weishaupt, („Missionarskonferenzen in Tranquebar“ by Luise Frölich, Juni, 1939) op. cit.. p. 145;
179. Lokies, „Mitteilungen aus der Arbeit,“ (March, 1939), op. cit., p. 35.
180. Stephen Neill, Letter to William Paton (Geneva: WCCA -IMC File, 11 September, 1939).
181. Knut Westman, Letter to William Paton (Geneva: WCCA -IMC File, 19 October, 1939).
182. Weishaupt, „Vor der Ausreise nach Indien“ by Johannes Sandegren, December, 1940), op. cit., p. 131; Westman, loc. cit.
183. Weishaupt (Sandegren), loc. cit.
184. Swavely, („The Church of Sweden Mission in India, 1874“ by Sigfrid Estborn), op. cit., p. 128; Weishaupt, loc. cit. In this connection Estborn wrote, „In 1869 another Swedish Missionary, C.J. Sandegren, came and joined the Mission. He was a very able man with eminent gifts as a leader. When he married Theodora Kremmer, a daugther of one of the prominent German missionaries, he became more intimately connected with the Leipzig Mission. The fact that the Sandegren family is 50 percent German and 50 percent Swedish has not been without significance for the relations between the two missions in subsequent years.“
185. Weishaupt, („Von Stockholm nach Teheran“ by Johannes Sandegren, January, 1941), op. cit., p. 3.
186. Ibid., (Über den Persischen Meerbusen nach Indien“ by Johannes Sandegren, May, 1941), p. 60.
187. Gäbler, loc. cit.; Johannes Klimkeit, P.I. (Bierde: 23 August, 1973), Tr. p. 15.
188. Stephen Neill, Letter to William Paton (Geneva: WCCA -IMC File, 19 September, 1939).
189. Neill, Paton Letter of 11 September, loc. cit.
190. Gloede, („Stephen Neill, Europäer und Weltbürger“ by Cecil Northcott), op. cit., p. 105.
191. Neill, loc. cit.
192. Ibid.
193. Neill, Paton Letter of 19 September, loc. cit.
194. Paton, Neill Letter, loc. cit.
195. Ibid.
196. Neill, Paton Letter of 14 September, loc. cit.
197. Ibid. In using the term „harmful“, Neill could also have been concerned for the ecumenical possibilities of a United Church of South India.
198. Ibid.
199. Neill, Paton Letter of 19 September, loc. cit.
200. Ibid.
201. Hodge, Conran-Smith Letter, loc. cit.
202. J.Z. Hodge, „Situation Created By The War,“ Minutes of the Meeting of the Executive Committee of the National Christian Council of India, Burma and Ceylon (Nagpur: N.C.C, 27-29 September, 1939), p. 3.
203. Ibid., pp. 3-4.
204. Ibid., p. 4.
205. Ibid., pp. 4-5.
206. Ibid., p. 5.
207. Ibid., p. 6.
208. Ibid., pp. 6-7.
209. Ibid..
210. Ibid., p. 7.
211. J.Z. Hodge, Government and German Missions (Nagpur: N.C.C. Offices, 16 October, 1939, (Meeting with E. Conran-Smith)), p. 1.
212. Ibid.
213. Hodge, „Situation Created By The War,“ op. cit., p. 6.
214. Hodge, Government & German Missions, loc. cit.
215. Ibid., p. 2.
216. Ibid.
217. Ibid., p. 3.
218. Ibid., pp. 3-4.
219. Ibid. p. 4; Oepke, op. cit.. pp. 53-55, indicates through the statistics on these pages how the German families were separated when they were transported home to Germany. Also, Friedrich Hübner, op. cit.. p. 5, in this connection pointed to the separation within the German missionary families during World War I.
220. Hodge, „Statement by Mr. Hodge,“ op. cit., p. 29.
221. J.Z. Hodge, German Missions and Other Matters (Nagpur: N.C.C, 15 November, 1939, Meeting with Home Department officials, pp. 1-2; Hodge (Statement by Mr. Hodge), loc. cit.
222. Ibid.; Alfons Koechlin, Letter to William Paton (Geneva: WCCA – IMC File, and Basel: BML, 16 December, 1939), p. 3.
223. Hodge, „Statement by Mr. Hodge,“ loc. cit.
224. Ibid., p. 30.
225. Hodge, German Missions, op. cit., p. 1.
226. Ibid.; Hodge, „Statement by Mr. Hodge,“ op. cit., p. 30.
227. Hodge, German Missions, loc. cit.
228. Ministry of Information, 14 and 18 September, 1939, loc. cit.